Salt Analysis Class 12 Practical PDF Download

Salt Analysis Class 12 Practical PDF Download

Salt analysis is a process of identifying the cation and anion present in an inorganic salt by performing a series of chemical tests. It is an important part of the CBSE Class 12 Chemistry practical syllabus and helps you to develop your analytical and observational skills.

In this article, we will explain the steps involved in salt analysis, the common cations and anions that are tested, and the tips and tricks to remember the procedures and results.

We will also provide a link to download a PDF file that contains the detailed salt analysis experiments for Class 12 students.

What is Salt Analysis?

A salt is a compound that is formed by the neutralization of an acid and a base. For example, sodium chloride (NaCl) is a salt that is formed by the reaction of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). A salt can be composed of different types of cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions) that have different chemical properties and reactions. For example, some cations are colored, some are magnetic, some form insoluble precipitates, etc. Similarly, some anions are acidic, some are basic, some produce gases, etc.

The purpose of the salt analysis is to identify the cation and anion present in a given salt by conducting a series of tests in a systematic manner and using the observations to confirm the absence or presence of specific cations and anions. The salt analysis is also known as systematic qualitative analysis or qualitative inorganic analysis.

Steps Involved in Salt Analysis

The general steps involved in salt analysis are as follows:

1. Obtain the inorganic salt whose cation and anion you must identify. Note its physical appearance, color, odor, solubility, etc.
2. Conduct preliminary tests for the anion group-wise until you obtain a positive result. Anions are classified into six groups based on their reactions with different reagents such as dilute sulphuric acid, concentrated sulphuric acid, barium chloride solution, etc.
3. Once you get a positive result for a preliminary test for an anion, conduct a confirmatory test for that anion using specific reagents such as silver nitrate solution, lead acetate solution, etc.
4. Conduct preliminary tests for the cation group-wise until you obtain a positive result. Cations are classified into five groups based on their reactions with different reagents: ammonium chloride solution, ammonium hydroxide solution, hydrogen sulphide gas, etc.
5. Once you get a positive result for a preliminary test for a cation, conduct a confirmatory test for that cation using specific reagents such as potassium ferrocyanide solution, potassium thiocyanate solution, etc.
6. Now that the cation and anion are identified, obtain the chemical formula of the salt by balancing the charges of the cation and anion. For example, if your cation is Fe 3+ and your anion is Cl –, the chemical formula of the salt will be FeCl 3.

Common Cations and Anions Tested in Salt Analysis

The following table lists some of the common cations and anions that are tested in salt analysis along with their colors, groups, and confirmatory tests.

Tips and Tricks to Remember Salt Analysis Procedures and Results

Here are some tips and tricks that can help you to remember the salt analysis procedures and results easily.

• Use mnemonics to remember the order of groups and reagents. For example, you can use the mnemonic “Please Come And See The Zoo” to remember the order of cation groups (Pb, Cu, As/Al/Fe, Zn/Co/Ni, Ca/Sr/Ba/Mg, NH4) and the mnemonic “Dilute Concentrated Barium Silver Nitrate” to remember the order of anion groups (CO3/S, SO3/NO2, Cl/Br/I, NO3/CH3COO, PO4/C2O4, SO4).
• Use colour codes to identify the cations and anions based on their colours or colour changes. For example, you can use the colour code “ROYGBIV” to remember the colours of cations from group II to group V (Red for Cu, Orange for Fe, Yellow for Mn, Green for Ni, Blue for Co, Indigo for Ca/Sr/Ba, Violet for Mg). Similarly, you can use the colour code “YBRY” to remember the colours of anions from group III to group VI (Yellow for I, Brown for NO2/NO3, Red for C2O4, Yellow for PO4).
• Use logic and common sense to eliminate the possibilities based on the observations. For example, if you observe a coloured salt or a coloured solution, you can eliminate the cations that are colourless. Similarly, if you observe a gas evolution or a smell, you can eliminate the anions that do not produce gases or smells.
• Use tables and charts to summarize the results and compare them. For example, you can use a table like the one given above to list the cations and anions along with their colours, groups, and confirmatory tests. You can also use a chart like the one given below to show the flow of tests and results for each group.

Download Salt Analysis Class 12 Practical PDF

If you want to download a PDF file that contains the detailed salt analysis experiments for Class 12 students, you can click on the link below. The PDF file contains the aim, apparatus, procedure, observations, results, precautions, and viva questions for each experiment.

Download Salt Analysis Class 12 Practical PDF

Conclusion

Salt analysis is a useful and interesting practical topic that helps students to learn about the properties and reactions of different cations and anions. It also helps students to develop their analytical and observational skills and apply them in real-life situations. By following the steps given in this article, you can easily perform salt analysis experiments and identify the cation and anion present in any given salt. You can also download a PDF file that contains the detailed salt analysis experiments for Class 12 students from the link given above. We hope this article has helped you to understand salt analysis better and prepare well for your practical examinations.

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